Rabbits and guinea pigs may be small, but their digestive and dental needs require careful daily attention. At the centre of a healthy diet for both species is one simple essential: unlimited access to quality hay.

Hay is more than bedding or an occasional snack. It provides the fibre needed to support normal digestion, encourages natural foraging behaviour and promotes the chewing action required to wear down continuously growing teeth. Pellets, fresh greens and safe chew products can complement the diet, but they should never replace good-quality hay.

Understanding the nutritional needs of rabbits and guinea pigs can help owners choose the right hay, feeders, pellets and enrichment products to support long-term health.

Why Hay Is Essential for Rabbits and Guinea Pigs

Rabbits and guinea pigs are herbivores with digestive systems designed to process fibrous plant material throughout the day. They naturally eat many small meals rather than one or two large servings.

Grass hay provides long-strand fibre that helps keep food moving normally through the gastrointestinal tract. When fibre intake falls, digestive movement may slow, increasing the risk of serious health problems.

Consistent access to hay helps support:

Hay should be fresh and available at all times, including overnight.

Hay Supports Healthy Digestion

The digestive systems of rabbits and guinea pigs rely on fibre. Their gastrointestinal tracts contain beneficial microorganisms that help break down fibrous foods and make nutrients available.

A hay-first diet encourages normal digestive movement and supports this delicate microbial population. Diets that contain too little fibre or too many concentrated, sugary or starchy foods may disrupt the digestive system.

Pellets alone cannot provide the same physical fibre length, chewing time or foraging experience as hay. Even a nutritionally complete pellet should be offered as a measured addition to the diet—not as a replacement for unlimited grass hay.

Changes in appetite, stool size or stool frequency should always be taken seriously. A rabbit or guinea pig that stops eating, produces fewer droppings or appears uncomfortable requires prompt veterinary attention.

Hay Helps Wear Down Continuously Growing Teeth

Rabbit and guinea pig teeth grow continuously. They need regular wear to remain at a functional length and alignment.

Hay promotes extended chewing with a natural side-to-side grinding motion. It is this repeated chewing action—not simply eating something hard—that supports dental wear.

When an animal does not eat enough hay, the teeth may not wear evenly. Dental problems can become painful and may interfere with eating, grooming and normal behaviour.

Possible signs of dental trouble include:

Dental disease cannot be corrected with chew toys alone. Any suspected dental problem should be assessed by a veterinarian experienced with rabbits and guinea pigs.

Choosing the Best Hay

Healthy adult rabbits and guinea pigs generally need a grass-based hay as the foundation of their diet.

Popular options include:

Timothy Hay

Timothy hay is a widely used grass hay with a balance of fibre, leaves and stems. Its texture encourages chewing and foraging, making it a suitable everyday choice for many adult rabbits and guinea pigs.

Orchard Grass

Orchard grass is often softer and may appeal to pets that are selective about coarser hay. It can be fed on its own or mixed with another grass hay to provide variety.

Meadow Hay

Meadow hay may contain a mixture of grasses and textures. A varied blend can encourage natural foraging, but quality and nutritional content may differ between batches.

Oat Hay

Oat hay provides a different texture and flavour. It may be included as part of a varied grass-hay diet, provided it is clean, dry and appropriate for the individual animal.

Alfalfa Hay

Alfalfa is a legume hay rather than a grass hay. It is richer in protein, energy and calcium, so it is generally not the first choice as unlimited hay for a healthy adult rabbit or guinea pig.

Alfalfa may be recommended for growing young animals, pregnant or nursing animals, underweight pets or animals with particular nutritional requirements. Ask your veterinarian when and how it should be included.

How to Recognize Quality Hay

Good hay should encourage your pet to eat and forage throughout the day.

Look for hay that is:

Never feed hay that smells musty, feels wet or shows signs of mould. Mouldy or dusty hay may contribute to respiratory and digestive problems.

Hay should be stored in a cool, dry and well-ventilated area. Avoid airtight storage if it could trap moisture. Keep hay off damp floors and inspect it regularly.

How Much Hay Do Rabbits and Guinea Pigs Need?

Hay should be available in unlimited quantities every day. A useful practical guide is to expect each pet to eat a loose pile of hay approximately equal to its body size daily, although individual intake varies.

The goal is not to restrict hay to a particular serving. Refill it often enough that the animal never runs out.

Offer fresh handfuls throughout the day and remove hay that has become wet, heavily soiled or contaminated. Some hay will be pulled from the feeder and left uneaten; providing a generous supply allows natural selection and foraging.

Choosing the Right Hay Feeder

A well-designed hay feeder helps keep hay clean, dry and accessible. It may also reduce waste and encourage foraging.

Options include:

Choose a feeder that:

Many rabbits and guinea pigs like to eat hay while using their litter or bathroom area. Positioning a safe hay feeder beside or above one end of the litter box can encourage hay consumption while keeping most of the supply cleaner.

A feeder should never be allowed to run empty. Some loose hay can also be added to safe foraging areas to encourage exploration.

Pellets Should Complement Hay

Pellets can provide concentrated nutrients, but feeding too many may reduce hay intake and contribute to excess weight. Follow the feeding directions for the specific product and adjust portions with guidance from your veterinarian.

Look for pellets that are:

Muesli-style mixes can encourage selective feeding. Pets may pick out the sweeter or starchier pieces while leaving the higher-fibre components behind, creating an unbalanced diet.

Rabbit and guinea pig pellets are not interchangeable. Each species has different nutritional requirements.

Guinea Pigs Require Dietary Vitamin C

Unlike rabbits, guinea pigs cannot produce their own vitamin C. They require a reliable daily dietary source.

A guinea pig pellet should be formulated specifically for guinea pigs and contain stabilized vitamin C. Because vitamin C can break down with age, light, heat and air exposure, pellets should be stored correctly and used while fresh.

Vitamin C can also come from appropriate fresh foods selected with veterinary guidance. Adding vitamin C to drinking water is often unreliable because it can degrade and may change the water’s taste, potentially discouraging drinking.

Vitamin C deficiency in guinea pigs may contribute to weakness, reduced appetite, swollen or painful joints, poor healing and dental or gum problems.

Speak with your veterinarian about appropriate vitamin C intake, particularly for growing, pregnant, nursing, ill or recovering guinea pigs.

Fresh Foods and Treats

Fresh leafy greens can add moisture, variety and nutrients to the diet. Introduce new foods gradually to avoid digestive upset.

Appropriate choices and portions depend on the species, age, health and current diet. Wash produce thoroughly and remove uneaten fresh food before it spoils.

Fruit and sweet vegetables should be limited because of their sugar content. Commercial treats containing seeds, nuts, dairy ingredients, honey or added sugar are not appropriate everyday replacements for hay or balanced pellets.

Hay should remain the constant foundation, regardless of what fresh foods are offered.

Safe Chew Products and Enrichment

Chewing is a natural behaviour for rabbits and guinea pigs. Safe chew products provide enrichment and may help protect furniture, enclosures and household items.

Suitable options may include:

Chew products add variety, but they do not replace hay’s role in digestion or dental wear.

Avoid painted, varnished, glued or chemically treated wood unless the product is specifically manufactured and labelled for small pets. Do not collect branches from unknown trees or areas that may have been sprayed with pesticides.

Inspect toys regularly and remove anything that becomes sharp, heavily soiled or damaged.

Water Is Part of Healthy Nutrition

Fresh, clean water must always be available.

Water may be provided in a heavy bowl, a bottle or both. Some pets drink more comfortably from bowls, while bottles may help keep water cleaner in certain enclosures.

Check water systems daily for:

Wash bowls and bottles regularly. Sudden increases or decreases in water consumption should be discussed with a veterinarian.

Helping a Selective Pet Eat More Hay

Some rabbits and guinea pigs prefer pellets and treats because they are more concentrated and easier to eat. Increasing hay interest may require patience.

Try:

A sudden refusal to eat hay can also indicate dental pain or illness. If a pet that normally eats hay stops, contact a veterinarian promptly.

Watch for Changes in Eating and Digestion

Rabbits and guinea pigs can become seriously ill when they stop eating. Contact a veterinarian promptly if you notice:

Weekly weight checks can help identify gradual changes before they become obvious. Use a suitable scale and keep a simple record for each pet.

Daily Nutrition Checklist

Support your rabbit or guinea pig with these daily essentials:

  1. Provide unlimited fresh grass hay.
  2. Refill hay before the feeder becomes empty.
  3. Offer a measured portion of species-appropriate pellets.
  4. Provide suitable fresh foods.
  5. Ensure guinea pigs receive a reliable source of vitamin C.
  6. Supply fresh, clean water.
  7. Offer safe chew and foraging products.
  8. Monitor appetite and droppings.
  9. Remove wet or soiled food and hay.
  10. Watch for signs of dental or digestive trouble.

Build a Hay-First Feeding Routine

Quality hay is one of the most important investments rabbit and guinea pig owners can make. It supports digestion, promotes natural dental wear and gives small pets a healthy outlet for grazing, chewing and foraging.

Pellets, feeders, fresh foods and chew products all have valuable roles, but the healthiest routine begins with unlimited access to clean, appealing grass hay.

Feeds’n Needs carries hay, hay feeders, species-appropriate pellets, chew products, bedding and other small-pet essentials. Product selection may vary by location, so visit your local store and speak with our knowledgeable team about options for your rabbit or guinea pig.

For personalized feeding recommendations or concerns about appetite, digestion, weight or dental health, consult a veterinarian experienced in small-animal care.

How to protect animals, barns, feed and farm supplies before high winds, heavy rain and flash flooding arrive 

Hurricane season can bring powerful winds, storm surge, prolonged power outages and sudden flooding to farms across Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. For livestock owners, equestrians and small-scale farmers, waiting until a storm is approaching can leave too little time to safely move animals, secure buildings or gather essential supplies. 

A practical farm hurricane preparedness plan can reduce confusion, protect livestock and help your operation recover faster. Whether you care for horses, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, poultry or a mixed backyard flock, preparation should begin well before the first warning is issued. 

Why Atlantic Canadian farms need a hurricane plan.

Maritime weather can change quickly.
A hurricane or post-tropical storm may produce several hazards at once: 

Every property has different risks. Begin by identifying low-lying fields, waterways, weak structures, aging trees, flood-prone roads, and areas where animals could become trapped. 

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada recommend maintaining a written emergency plan, farm map, livestock inventory, animal identification information and records of feed, equipment, hazardous materials and vaccinations. Review its emergency-planning guidance for producers here: Emergency planning is for producers too – agriculture.canada.ca 

 

Create a livestock evacuation plan before the storm.

Decide in advance whether your animals will shelter on the farm or evacuate. This decision may depend on the storm’s projected path, local flood risk, road conditions, available transportation, and the strength of your buildings. 

Your plan should answer the following questions: 

Never wait until water is rising or winds are severe to begin moving livestock. Trailers can become unsafe in strong crosswinds, and flooded roads may conceal washouts, debris, or damaged culverts. Follow instructions from local emergency officials and never drive through floodwater. 

Practice loading animals before hurricane season; An emergency is not the time to introduce a horse, cow, sheep or goat to a trailer for the first time. 

Prepare halters, leads and handling equipment 

Reliable handling equipment can make evacuation faster and safer. Keep emergency supplies together in a clearly marked, easily accessible location—not buried at the back of a tack room or locked inside a building that could become unsafe. 

For horses and suitable livestock, prepare: 

Inspect every halter before storm season. Look for frayed webbing, stretched holes, rusted hardware, loose stitching and damaged snaps. Buckles should fasten securely, and the halter should fit closely enough that it cannot easily slip off without restricting breathing or movement. 

Label halters and lead ropes with the owner’s name, phone number and the animal’s identification. Waterproof luggage tags, livestock markers or securely attached identification tags can help reunite an animal with its owner if fences fail or animals are displaced. 

Do not leave an ordinary halter on an unattended animal unless your emergency plan specifically requires it and it can be done safely. Halters may catch on fencing, branches or barn hardware. Stage fitted halters where they can be reached quickly and consider breakaway options when appropriate. Ask your veterinarian or an experienced livestock professional for your species and setup. 

Feeds’n Needs carries practical farm and stable essentials such as halters, lead ropes, ties, buckets, stable hooks and livestock-handling supplies to help owners prepare before severe weather arrives. Product availability may vary by store. 

 

Identifying every animal

Visible identification is especially important when high winds or flooding can damage fences.
Depending on the species and provincial requirements, identification may include: 

Keep current photos of horses and livestock, including distinguishing markings. Store digital and printed copies of ownership records, registration papers, health information, medications and vaccination records. 

Maintain an updated list of animal numbers by species, pasture, and building. Ensure that another trusted person knows where the records are kept. 

Reduce the risk from flash flooding 

Flash flooding can rise quickly and cut off access to barns, pastures, and roads. Move animals away from flood-prone fields, riverbanks, drainage channels, and low-lying buildings before heavy rain begins. 

Avoid locking animals inside a structure that is likely to flood. At the same time, do not release animals onto roads or unfamiliar land. The safest choice depends on the property, predicted conditions and available shelter, which is why planning with your veterinarian, municipality and local emergency officials is essential. 

Before the storm: 

After flooding, treat standing water, submerged feed and wet bedding as potentially contaminated. Do not allow livestock to drink from floodwater. Inspect wells and water systems and follow provincial guidance before resuming use if contamination is suspected. The Government of Canada advises residents to understand their local flood risk and follow directions from emergency responders and officials. Read Canada’s flood-preparedness guidance. 

Secure barns, coops and farm property

High winds can turn loose equipment into dangerous debris. Walk the property before the weather deteriorates and secure or move: 

Inspect roofs, doors, windows and siding. Repair loose metal, damaged latches, and weak hinges. Store chemicals, medications and fuels in secure locations, following their handling and ventilation requirements. 

Remove dead branches where it is safe to do so but leave major tree work to qualified professionals. Identify large trees that could fall across barns, fences, power lines, or evacuation routes. 

 

Protect feed, hay, bedding and clean water 

A hurricane can disrupt deliveries and electricity for several days. Maintain an emergency supply of feed, forage, bedding, and water based on the needs of your animals and the realistic length of a local outage. 

Store feed in waterproof, animal-resistant containers. Keep bagged products on pallets or shelving and away from walls where moisture may enter. Inspect the hay-storage area for roof leaks, blocked drainage, and wind exposure. 

Discard feed or hay that has been contaminated by floodwater, fuel, chemicals, mould or sewage. When in doubt, consult your veterinarian, feed specialist or provincial agriculture authority before feeding it. 

Water planning is equally important. Calculate how much your animals require each day, including extra water for cleaning and heat. Fill approved water containers before the storm and keep buckets and tubs clean and ready. 

If your farm relies on an electric well pump, establish a backup water plan. Generators must be operated outdoors and well away from doors, windows, barns and occupied spaces to prevent deadly carbon monoxide exposure. Never connect a generator to a building electrical system without approved transfer of equipment installed by a qualified electrician. 

 

Assemble a farm emergency kit 

Keep supplies in waterproof, clearly marked containers that can be loaded quickly.
A livestock and small-farm emergency kit may include: 

Check the kit at the beginning of hurricane season and replace expired medications, damaged equipment and dead batteries. 

Build an emergency contact list

Keep printed and digital copies of contact information for: 

Assign responsibilities to family members, employees, and neighbours. Everyone should know who monitors alerts, who handles each group of animals, who prepares the trailer, and who shuts down utilities if authorities advise doing so. 

 

 

Inspect animals and property after the storm 

Wait for officials to confirm that it is safe before returning to an evacuated property. Watch for downed power lines, unstable buildings, sharp debris, washed-out ground and displaced wildlife. 

Check animals for: 

Contact your veterinarian if an animal is injured, behaving abnormally or may have consumed contaminated material. 

Before returning livestock to a field, walk the entire fence line and inspect gates, posts, wire, water sources and footing. Photograph damage before beginning cleanup when it is safe, particularly for insurance records. 

 

Prepare now, not when the wind begins 

Atlantic Canadian farmers are accustomed to changing weather, but hurricanes and post-tropical storms can test even experienced operations. A written plan, safe evacuation route, reliable animal identification and well-maintained handling equipment can make a critical difference. 

Visit your local Feeds’n Needs before severe weather arrives to prepare your farm emergency kit and stock up on available stable accessories, halters, lead ropes, buckets, hooks, livestock-handling supplies, feed and bedding. 

Preparation protects more than property, it protects the animals and people who depend on your farm. 

 

How to Properly Feed Your Rabbits

A rabbit’s digestive system is delicate, and their nutritional needs require careful attention. By understanding the basics of rabbit nutrition, you can avoid common health problems and help your bunny thrive. Here’s our guide on how to properly feed your rabbits so you can enjoy many years of companionship.

Key Components of a Rabbit’s Diet
A healthy rabbit diet primarily consists of three main components: hay, fresh greens, and limited pellets. Anything beyond that—such as fruits and other treats—should be offered sparingly. A balanced diet helps keep your rabbit’s digestive system running smoothly.

Hay (80% of Diet)
Hay is the most essential part of a rabbit’s diet and should make up about 80%. It provides the necessary fibre to promote healthy digestion and prevent common issues like hairballs. Hay is also a source of essential proteins and nutrients. It should be offered daily in unlimited amounts and available to your rabbit at all times.
Types of Hay:
Timothy Hay: Ideal for adult rabbits, it’s rich in fibre but low in calories and calcium.
Alfalfa Hay: Suitable for baby rabbits, pregnant or nursing mothers, and elderly or injured rabbits. However, it’s too high in calcium for adult rabbits and should not be used for long-term feeding.
Other Grass Hays: Adult bunnies do best on a mix of timothy hay and other grass hays because they are lower in calories and calcium than alfalfa hay.
Store hay in a cool, dry place with good ventilation to prevent mold. Ensure the hay smells fresh, and discard any wet or stale hay. Offer it in a hay rack or basket to prevent waste; remember, rabbits love to nibble all day long.

Fresh Greens (10% of Diet)
Fresh greens provide important vitamins and minerals, and they help keep your rabbit’s digestive system healthy. Aim to give your rabbit a variety of fresh, fibrous vegetables daily, especially leafy greens. Fresh greens should make up about 10% of your rabbit’s diet. Avoid feeding your rabbit iceberg lettuce, as it lacks nutritional value.
Recommended Vegetables:
– Carrot tops
– Beet tops
– Dandelion greens and flowers
– Kale
– Collard Greens
– Dark Leafy Green Lettuce
– Romain Lettuce
– Parsley
– Clover
– Broccoli and its leaves
– Green Peppers
– Snow Pea Pods
– Basil
– Peppermint Leaves
– Raspberry Leaves
– Bok Choy
– Spinach
For a full list of recommended vegetables for rabbits, visit: Best Vegetables for Rabbits: A Healthy Diet Guide – Rabbit.org
Start with small amounts of one type of green to avoid your rabbit having an upset stomach, and gradually add more variety over time. Aim for at least 1 cup of fresh veggies for every 5 pounds of body weight, given twice a day.

Pellets (5% of Diet)
Rabbit pellets are a convenient way to supplement your bunny’s nutrition, but they should only make up a small part of their overall diet at 5%. Overfeeding pellets can lead to obesity, heart disease, liver disease, and other health issues due to their high carbohydrate and low fibre content.
How to Feed Pellets:
Young Rabbits (under 8 months): Pellets can be offered free choice as they are growing quickly.
Adult Rabbits (over 8 months): Follow the recommended daily amounts based on their weight:
– 2-4 pounds: 1/8 cup
– 5-7 pounds: 1/4 cup
– 8-10 pounds: 1/2 cup
– 11-15 pounds: 3/4 cup
Pregnant or Nursing Rabbits: Can be offered unlimited pellets until the babies are weaned.

Fruits & Treats(<5% of Diet)
While rabbits love their fruits, they should only be given as treats due to their high sugar content. Treats should make up to no more than 5% of your rabbit’s diet and only occasionally. Feeds’n Needs carries delicious Sunburst treats made specifically for rabbits. Here are some other good options for rabbit treats:
–  Strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries
– Apples, pears, peaches, and melon
– Papaya and pineapple (but only in small amounts)
Carrots also fall into the “treat” category dur o their sugar content, and should only be given sparingly.

Fresh Water
Fresh water should always be available to your rabbit in a water bottle or heavy, spill-proof bowl. Change the water daily to ensure it stays clean and free from bacteria. A dirty water dish can lead to health problems, so be diligent about cleanliness.

Special Dietary Needs
Some rabbits have special dietary requirements due to age, health conditions, or specific life stages. For example:
Long-Haired Rabbits like Angoras, Lion Heads, or Jersey Woolies may require more protein to support the growth of their long fur.
Overweight Rabbits may need fewer pellets and more hay to help them shed excess pounds.
Older or Sick Rabbits may require a higher calorie intake to regain strength or support healing.
Mother Rabbits nursing babies will need extra pellets and hay to keep up with the demands of milk production.
For any specific concerns, it’s always a good idea to consult a veterinarian who can recommend the best diet for your rabbit’s unique needs.

By providing your rabbit with a balanced, fiber-rich diet primarily consisting of hay, supplemented with fresh vegetables and limited pellets, you’ll set the foundation for a long healthy life. Always monitor your rabbit’s weight, adjust portions as necessary, and consult your vet if any dietary issues arise.
Taking the time to feed your rabbit properly helps ensure their health and strengthens the bond you share as a pet and caregiver. Happy feeding!

Sources:
Feeding Your Rabbit | The Rabbit Haven
Food & Diet – Rabbit.org

5 Things to do With Your Pet at Christmas

The holiday season is a time for spending quality moments with loved ones, but don’t forget about the furry members of your family! Pets can sometimes feel overwhelmed by all the guests, new smells, and tempting (but dangerous) decorations. However, Christmas is the perfect opportunity to bond with your pet and include them in the festive fun. Here are five things to do with your pet this holiday season:

  1. Take a Holiday Lights Walk with Your Dog
    Like us, dogs are often fascinated by the twinkling lights and colourful displays during the holiday season. Take your dog for a stroll around your neighbourhood to enjoy the decorations together. Remember that it might be too cold for a long walk, so try to keep it local or invest in some protective gear like booties and a jacket for your dog, which are available at your local Feeds’n Needs.
  2. Create Festive Games for Your Pet
    Every pet is different, so take some time to find indoor activities that will engage your furry friend. Here are a few festive game ideas for both dogs and cats:
    Indoor Games for Dogs:
    Tug-of-War: A classic game, just make sure to use a toy that’s gentle on your dog’s teeth!
    Toy Naming: Teach your dog the names of their toys, and reward them with a dog-friendly Christmas treat when they fetch the right one.
    Hide and Seek: After teaching your dog to stay, hide somewhere in the house and call them to find you. Be ready to shower them with praise when they succeed!
    Indoor Games for Cats:
    Christmas Puzzle: Turn a cardboard box into a fun puzzle by cutting holes and filling it with treats, catnip, or toys. Watch your cat’s excitement as they figure out how to get the goodies!
    Fetch: Believe it or not, many cats love playing fetch! Toss a catnip-filled toy and encourage them to bring it back. It may take some time, but most cats will eventually learn that the game only continues if they bring it back.
  3. Play in the Snow
    Many pets love to play in the snow. Dogs, in particular, enjoy frolicking in the winter wonderland. Whether it’s your backyard, a local park, or a walking trail, let your dog experience the joy of running in the snow. Not all pets, however, enjoy the cold, and that’s perfectly fine.
    Indoor cats and rabbits should be on a harness and leash to prevent them from running away if they get too scared. Keep an eye on their behaviour, and if the outdoors is too cold and scary for them, take them back inside immediately, where it’s warm and cozy.
  4. Try a Festive Costume
    Some pets love getting dressed up for the holidays, while others may be a little more skeptical. If your pet is open to it, dress them in a festive outfit like a sweater, bandana, or holiday-themed hat. Start with something simple, and if they’re comfortable, work your way up to more elaborate costumes. Just remember to be patient and keep an eye on how they’re reacting to ensure they’re happy.
  5. Snap Holiday Photos with Santa
    Capture your pet’s festive spirit by taking a photo with Santa! Here are some tips to help you get the perfect shot:

    • Introduce them to Santa slowly and calmly.
    • Be part of the picture or have one person directing your pet.
    • Treats will help!
    • Have patience.
    • Exercise before the photo to tire them out.
    • Squeaky toys are great to get them to look at the camera.
    • If all else fails, capture your pet behaving naturally.

We hope these activities bring some extra joy to your holiday season and help you bond with your pet. Wishing you and your furry friends a safe, happy, and paw-some Christmas!

Source:
Things You Can Do with Your Pet During the Holidays | Hastings Veterinary Hospital

Basic Guide to Gerbil Care

Gerbils are playful and curious little animals that are easy to care for and make great pets for children. In this blog, we will provide a basic guide to gerbil care, so you have all the information you need before bringing home your tiny new companion!

Things to Consider Before Getting a Pet Gerbil

  • Gerbils are very social animals and should live in pairs of 2 or more. It’s best to get littermates or adopt young gerbils of similar ages so that they can grow up together. If you already have a gerbil or pair of adult gerbils, it can be challenging to introduce a new one as they are very territorial creatures and may fight each other.
  • Gerbils can reproduce quickly, so it’s best to keep only same-sex pairs together in an enclosure.
  • The lifespan of a gerbil is 2 – 4 years on average.
  • Adult gerbils grow to 4 inches long, with their long hairy tails adding an additional 4 inches.

Housing
Gerbils are known for their love of digging and burrowing, and a great way to nurture these natural instincts is to house your gerbils in a large glass tank or aquarium with a secure wire lid. It is recommended that 5 gallons of space be provided per gerbil. An enclosure that is 16″ wide by 30″ long and 12″ tall is the minimum size needed for a pair of gerbils.
Wire cages will also work to house gerbils. However, because of their digging habits, they may end up kicking bedding through the metal bars, making a mess. Make sure to choose a wire cage with bars narrow enough that your gerbils can’t escape through them but not so close together that they could get body parts stuck between them.
Plastic cages are not recommended for gerbils as they are easily chewed and destroyed and don’t provide adequate ventilation.
Gerbils should also have a nest box in their enclosure where they can hide out and sleep. Nest boxes should be made of sturdy materials like wood or ceramic.

Bedding
Since they love to dig and burrow, fill your gerbil’s enclosure ¾ of the way full with bedding like small animal paper bedding or aspen shavings. Avoid using pine or cedar shavings, as well as bedding that has been chemically dyed, as these can be harmful to your gerbils.
You can also add additional nesting materials like dye and scent-free toilet paper, paper towels and tissues that your gerbils can shred and build nests with. Spot-clean any soiled bedding daily, and thoroughly clean the enclosure with mild soap and hot water once weekly. Pick up some Boxo comfort paper bedding and gerbil-safe aspen shavings at Feeds’n Needs!

Food & Water
The best way to provide your gerbils with a healthy, balanced diet is to offer them quality dry food formulated for gerbils. Follow the manufacturer’s recommended feeding guide to feed your gerbils a daily portion of food. Place their daily food allowance in a ceramic or metal bowl or scatter it around their enclosure to encourage their natural foraging instincts! Fresh fruits, veggies and seeds like peas, broccoli, apples and sunflower seeds can be given as treats in limited quantities. Remove any uneaten treats after a few hours to prevent spoilage.
Your gerbils should always have access to fresh water in a sipper bottle that attaches to the side of their enclosure. Refresh their water daily, and thoroughly clean their water bottle once weekly when you clean their enclosure.
Pick up a bag of quality gerbil food, like Sunburst hamster and gerbil food, at Feeds’n Needs. While you’re there, don’t forget to grab some gerbil treats and a drinking bottle, too!

Exercise & Enrichment
Gerbils are playful and active little animals, and they need lots of enriching toys and climbing materials to keep them happy and healthy. Since their teeth never stop growing, they should always have access to things to chew on, like wooden toys, toilet paper tubes and other safe materials to wear them down. Include lots of things for them to climb and play on in their enclosure, like ramps, ladders and platforms to keep them active. Exercise wheels are another great way to keep them active and fit; choose a wheel with a solid surface in which your gerbils won’t get their tail or other body parts stuck.
Visit your local Feeds’ n Needs and check out our small animal toys and enrichment accessories selection!

Grooming
Gerbils spend a great deal of time grooming themselves and often groom their cage mates. They do not need baths; however, if your gerbil gets something in its fur and needs to be cleaned, you can use a damp cloth to gently rub the area clean.

Health Concerns
Gerbils are generally healthy animals. However, there are a few common health issues that you should be aware of:

  • Injuries like broken bones or injured tail
  • Digestive diseases
  • Skin issues
  • Seizures
  • Kidney disease in adult gerbils
  • Inner ear mass in adult / elderly gerbils

If you suspect your gerbil may be in poor health, please get in touch with your small animal veterinarian.

Training
Gerbils are usually quite gentle, only biting on the rare occasion that they may feel threatened. Gerbils can be easily hand-tamed using positive reinforcement techniques, often involving many treats! When you first bring your gerbil home, allow them a couple of days to settle in before you begin training them.

Now that you’ve learned all the basics of owning and caring for pet gerbils, you should be ready to bring home your new furry friend! Make Feeds’n Needs your go-to stop for all your small animal needs, and be sure to ask one of our experts any questions you may have!

If you love to learn, check out our blog. We are always adding more helpful advice, such as how-tos and DIYs: feedsnneeds.ca/experts-advice/

Sources:
A Quick Guide to Gerbil Care – (farmandpetplace.co.uk)
How to Care for a Pet Gerbil (thesprucepets.com)

Why Guinea Pigs Need Vitamin C

Guinea pigs are wonderful pets that are a joy to observe and interact with, and they have something in common with us humans that no other companion pet does! Did you know that guinea pigs can’t make their own vitamin C in their bodies like most other animals do? Just like humans, they have to get it through their food. As a responsible piggie parent, it’s your job to ensure that your guinea pig’s diet meets their unique nutritional requirements, and we’re here to teach you all about it!

Why is Vitamin C so Important?
The body needs vitamin C to make collagen, a building block for all kinds of different issues. This means that vitamin C plays an important role in keeping skin, joints, gums, and the whole immune system healthy and helping wounds heal.

What Happens if Guinea Pigs Don’t Get Enough Vitamin C?
Most guinea pigs need between 10 and 30mg of vitamin C per day to maintain good health. Any excess that is not required will be excreted through the urine and will not be absorbed through the body. Piggies who are still growing, pregnant, nursing, or sick may require extra vitamin C in their diet as recommended by your veterinarian.

Deficiency in vitamin C is generally referred to as ‘scurvy’ and in guinea pigs, will typically present itself as the following symptoms:

  • Poor coat
  • Swelling and ulcers on the skin or gums/mouth area
  • Diarrhea
  • Poor appetite
  • Swollen joints and difficulty moving
  • Lethargy
  • Issues with wound healing

How do you Supplement Vitamin C in the Diet?
While a guinea pig’s diet should include around 80% hay, a portion of formulated guinea pig food, as well as fresh vegetables and fruit, must be fed daily to supplement them with the required vitamin C.

  • Packaged Food: Guinea pig food you buy at the store should be of good quality and contain high amounts of vitamin C in a stabilized form. Vitamin C is considered a relatively “unstable” vitamin, meaning it will break down over time, especially if exposed to light, heat, and moisture. Because of this, your guinea pig may not receive the amount of vitamin C listed on the bag. It is always recommended to follow the manufacturer’s “best before” recommendation and try to feed the entire bag of food within 90 days after opening to ensure that your guinea pig does not become deficient. It is also important to monitor whether or not your piggie is eating all the food given to them. Many mixed guinea pig foods contain “extras” such as dried fruit, seeds and nuts alongside the fortified pellets containing added vitamin C. However, these pellets are typically the least appealing to guinea pigs, and they will often pick out the “extras,” leaving the nutritionally balanced pellets behind. Our experts recommend feeding your guinea pigs a purely pelleted formulation to ensure that they consume the required vitamins and nutrients. Check out our selection of quality guinea pig food options in store!
  • Vegetables & Fruit: Besides pellets, the other primary source of vitamin C for guinea pigs is fresh vegetables and occasionally fruit. Feed a portion of veggies that are high in vitamin C each day, such as leafy greens, but be cautious not to overfeed veggies or fruits that are high in sugar (leads to obesity or intestinal issues) or high in calcium (guinea pigs are predisposed to bladder stones). Check this detailed chart to help you decide which fruits and veggies are safe for your guinea pigs: https://guineadad.com/blogs/news/guineadad-veggie-masterlist-what-kinds-of-vegetables-can-your-guinea-pig-eat

At Feeds ‘n Needs, we think your animals deserve the best, and that’s why we are proud to offer top-quality nutrition solutions for pets of all sizes! Stop by your local Feeds ‘n Needs, and one of our experts can show you our selection of guinea pig foods your piggie will be sure to love! We are always happy to answer any questions you may have!

Are you interested in learning more about small animals? Check out our related blog posts!
Small Animal Dental Health

Sources:
https://supremepetfoods.com/blog/why-do-guinea-pigs-need-vitamin-c/

https://www.mariposavet.com/guinea-pigs-vitamin-c-supplementation-know/

https://azeah.com/guinea-pigs/vitamin-c-recommendations-guinea-pigs

Small Animal Dental Health
Small Animal Dental Health

Small Animal Dental Health

As responsible small animal owners, it’s our job to educate ourselves on the proper care needed to ensure our pets’ health and well-being, including taking care of their dental health.

Did you know many small mammals, such as rabbits, guinea pigs and chinchillas, have open-rooted teeth? Meaning that throughout their entire lives, their teeth never stop growing! Because of this, these animals are more at risk of acquiring painful dental issues such as tooth overgrowth, abscesses in the mouth, and malocclusion (misalignment of the teeth).

Early Detection is Key

Because they are prey animals, it’s in the nature of our small pets to hide any signs of pain or illness they may be experiencing. This can make early detection difficult, so taking your small pets to be examined by a veterinarian at least once per year is recommended. A vet specializing in exotic pets will be able to thoroughly examine your pet and identify any issues that should be treated immediately to ensure your pet’s good health.

Between checkups, it is important to familiarize yourself with the normal appearance of your pet’s teeth and know what symptoms or behaviours could indicate possible dental issues.

Symptoms to Watch For:

  • Noticeably overgrown teeth
  • Difficulty chewing or dropping food from the mouth
  • Watery eyes, nasal discharge or drooling from the mouth
  • Weight loss
  • Reluctance or refusal to eat
  • Reduced grooming and/or bald patches of fur
  • Visible signs of pain (i.e., hunching in a corner, grinding teeth, etc.)

Prevention 

Thankfully, most forms of acquired dental disease in small animals are preventable with proper diet and care. For small herbivores like rabbits and guinea pigs, a diet that lacks free-choice hay is arguably the most common cause of these dental issues.

  • Hay vs. Pellets – Because hay is high in fibre and stimulates natural chewing and dental wear patterns, various grass hay options should always be available to your herbivorous animals. While many pet parents still consider hay more of a treat for their small pets, at least 75% of their diet should be made up of it, with fortified pelleted food being fed daily in a measured amount (following the manufacturer’s direction.) We offer a variety of grass hay and pelleted foods to provide your small pets with the proper diet they require.
  • Leafy Greens and Vegetables – Supplementary foods such as dark leafy greens and vegetables have a coarse consistency, which will help your small animals keep their teeth worn down and should be offered to them in a limited amount daily. Ensure that the vegetables or greens you give your pet are safe for their particular species.
  • Chew Toys – Besides providing a proper diet, species-appropriate chew toys should also be available to your small pets. Toys and chews made from woven hay, untreated wood, dried sticks, or cardboard provide excellent opportunities for your pet to wear down their incisors while offering them enrichment and mental stimulation. We have a great selection of safe, natural chews to keep your pet busy while keeping their teeth healthy!

Visit one of our Experts at your local Feeds ‘n Needs store to see our great selection of small animal essentials and ask any questions you may have about proper dental care. We are always eager to help!

Sources:

https://www.petlifeonline.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/The-Essential-Components-of-a-Small-Herbivores-Diet.pdf

https://countrycareac.com/2017/05/15/dental-care-small-mammals/#:~:text=We%20might%20even%20remember%20to,your%20exotic%20animal%27s%20routine%20care

https://oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/dental-disease-in-small-mammals/

https://oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/all-about-small-pet-dental-health/

Livestock bedding options
Livestock bedding options

Livestock Bedding Options

When it comes to providing your livestock with bedding, making sure it’s clean, absorbent and comfortable is a must. There are several options for materials that you can use to place under your animals in their enclosure to ensure overall well-being. Organic materials are usually best, as they contain lower levels of bacteria counts, resulting in better air quality and less discomfort (and will consequently result in less sores and other harmful ailments). While the type of flooring, animal breed and population density of animals in the enclosure matter when choosing the right bedding, here are a few good organic options to consider when making an informed decision for your furry friends.

Vegetable Litter for bedding

Plant litter is arguable the least harmful option for the environment, as it’s ecological and biodegradable and can be a great solution for your poultry flock! It’s mainly composed of natural elements, like wood chips, hay or pellets and is mainly used for animal enclosures.

Ripe wood

If you opt for a wood-based litter, it’s recommended to use soft wood that’s specially treated for composting purposes if you want better absorption quality. Like wood shavings, which are both absorbent and comfortable for farm animals. An interesting aspect of plant litter is that it doesn’t produce much dust, which benefits the respiratory health of the animals.

Hay and straw

Hay or straw are also materials used to create bedding for farm animals. Hay is cut and dried legumes and or grasses and is commonly used for feed, but lower qualities of hay are great for bedding purposes. Ensuring the quality of the hay is not palatable so animals don’t consume it.

If you’re considering using hay or straw, it’s important to know that there’s a bit more upkeep required due to the lower levels of absorbency than some other litter options. Another thing to consider is to ensure the quality of the hay or straw is older and dry when you are spreading it, as old hay may give off dust, resulting in potential respiratory damage in animals. When they have a high level of humidity, the risk of mold increases which rapidly grows bacteria that can be harmful to your animals.

Peat moss

Within the vegetable little category, you can also find peat moss as an option. This type of litter is becoming increasingly popular, as it tends to be more absorbent than wood or hay and it helps eliminate the amount of flies in facilities. Peat moss has a controlled PH, which helps to reduce odors and the amount of ammonia in the litter. This bedding has even been known to help improve areas of animal health, including udders, legs and airways. 

Sources:

https://monvet.com/fr/fiche-informative/85/differentes-sortes-de-litieres

https://www.zoomalia.com/blog/article/quelle-litiere-choisir-pour-mon-chat.html

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liti%C3%A8re

https://ag.umass.edu/sites/ag.umass.edu/files/fact-sheets/pdf/Bedding%2008-05.pdf

https://www.meunerievicto.com/fr/

https://www.meunerieacadienne.com/quoi-mettre-dans-les-enclos/

Animal Welfare During a Heat Wave
Animal Welfare During a Heat Wave

Animal Welfare During a Heat Wave

On hot days, it’s important to think about our four legged friends because chances are, they are probably hotter than you are.  This article offers a few tips and solutions to help you keep your animals comfortable and cool during hot weather. Be sure to think about animal welfare during a heat wave!

Keep your pet well hydrated

No surprise here! Like their owner, animals must stay hydrated at all times and even more during hot periods. Make sure to give your pets water as often as possible during the day. The same goes for animals on farm. Think, for example, of cows, pigs or even horses, who drink large amounts of water on a normal day. Add a heat wave or drought in there and their water needs significantly amplify. Offer several areas on your property that allow for animals to have easy access to water, either on the ground, around the building or in your home. 

Place ice cubes in the water to keep it cool. One trick to encourage your pet to drink more frequently: put bowls of water throughout your house, instead of having one spot they can go to drink. When going out with your pet, bring more water than you think is enough for yourself and your companion. Also, try to avoid going out in peak heat times (afternoon) and aim instead to go in the morning or the evening when the weather cools down.

If the pavement is too hot, consider putting booties on your pet so they don’t injure or burn their pads. If the weather is too hot, indoor activities are best. Consider playing games to develop the animal’s mental faculties, to allow them to burn energy while avoiding the hot sun.

Avoiding the sun

Close curtains and blinds to prevent the sun’s rays from entering and heating the house. For bird owners, try as much as possible to keep them away from the windows. If allowed, installing a small shaded kiddie pool can prove to be the perfect refreshment tool for dogs who love the water and swimming. 

If you are on a farm, try to have a few places on land where animals can shade, like a shelter.

Identifying heatstroke in your pet

It is crucial to know how to recognize heat stroke in a pet! In case of heatstroke, the animal should see a veterinarian without delay. Here are some important symptoms to watch out for:

  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Bright red gums
  • Disorientation
  • Body temperature exceeding 40 degrees Celsius

When transporting your animal to the vet, cool it with a cold towel over their body. Do not use ice cubes.

Also, watch out for dogs with flat noses, older animals and young people. They are more at risk of having difficulty breathing during heat waves!

Other tips and tricks

Here are some additional hips to keep your pets cool at all times:

  • Freeze a bottle of water and wrap it in a kitchen towel. Then place the cold bottle near the places where you pet is resting.  Your animal should stay near it to cool down.
  • Brush your pet often. A tangle free coat will be more comfortable for your pet, especially on a really hot day.
  • Leave a cold water base in the bath so that your companions can soak their paws from time to time.

During periods of extreme heat, get in the habit of observing the behavior of your animals and make sure they don’t lack any water or shade. Thanks to these tips, you now have some handy tools up your sleeve to make the hot days more pleasant and much safer for your animals!